Aim/PurposeThe paper provides general background on the who, what, when, and why of deception.

MethodologyIt uses a naturalistic observational methodology. Whenever possible, the paper provides examples.

ContributionThe research cited in this paper comes from a large variety of disparate fields of study. As such, it is one of the few multidisciplinary attempts to understand de-ception

FindingsThe research uncovered general principles for conducting deception and tactics that support these principles.

Recommendation for ResearchersThe authors hope that this paper’s finding will shed light on the topic of fake news as well as misinformation and disinformation, particularly in politics.