Aim/PurposeThe paper introduces and develops the Core Ontology for Customs Procedures (COCP), a modular and scalable knowledge model designed to address the complexities of customs operations by formally representing operational, regulatory, security, transport, and financial transaction knowledge in alignment with global standards.

BackgroundCustoms authorities face increasing challenges related to evolving regulations, inconsistent documentation, and the lack of interoperability in existing systems. While some ontologies exist, they are often domain-specific and fail to provide a unified structure capable of supporting the breadth of customs activities and automation needs. COCP responds to this gap by offering a comprehensive and integrative solution.

MethodologyCOCP was developed using the NeOn scenario-based methodology, which supports iterative development and resource reuse. The ontology went through multiple phases including requirements specification based on competency questions, structured knowledge acquisition from authoritative sources, formal implementation in OWL using Protégé, axiomatization of semantic rules, and validation through reasoning tools, question-based testing, and SPARQL-based real-world scenarios.

ContributionThe paper contributes a formalized and validated ontology that unifies key customs processes and ensures semantic consistency across modules. It incorporates internationally recognized models such as the World Customs Organization (WCO) Data Model and Harmonized System (HS) Codes, allowing it to function as a foundation for legal compliance, operational efficiency, and AI integration. COCP is structured for modularity, making it adaptable and extendable to changing regulatory and technical environments.

FindingsCOCP helps standardize customs procedures by promoting consistent data exchange, goods classification, and declaration handling across borders. It supports legal compliance and risk management through formalized rule definitions and reasoning mechanisms. The ontology also facilitates integration with intelligent technologies by providing machine-readable structures.

Recommendations for PractitionersCustoms authorities and operational stakeholders are advised to adopt COCP to automate customs clearance, ensure uniform regulatory compliance, and integrate intelligent tools for decision support. The ontology's standardized structure can improve coordination among actors and reduce procedural delays.

Recommendation for ResearchersResearchers are encouraged to expand COCP’s application to specialized customs domains, such as trade sanctions, bonded zones, or e-commerce-related imports. Opportunities also exist to explore its integration with machine learning and natural language processing for automated knowledge updates and deeper analytics.

Impact on SocietyThe implementation of COCP can lead to faster, more transparent, and legally compliant customs processes, reducing friction in global trade and enhancing public trust in customs governance. By supporting streamlined procedures and intelligent automation, the ontology contributes to more effective and secure international commerce.

Future ResearchFuture directions include extending COCP to region-specific and domain-specific customs contexts, strengthening its interoperability with diverse platforms, and incorporating AI-driven reasoning systems for advanced automation. Ensuring the ontology remains adaptable to continuous legal and procedural changes will be essential for sustaining its value in global customs environments.